Effect of Egyptian sage extract on antioxidant activity, hypercholesterolemia and bone calcification in the tibia of rats

Osteoporosis [major public health problem in the aging society] has been linked with arteriosclerotic vascular diseases characterized by hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition may appear as an alternative strategy for optimizing health skeleton instead of traditional therapies by hormone replacement treatment which increases the risk of heart disease and cancers. Phytochemicals with antioxidative properties that may act against hypercholesterolemia and positive in the prevention of osteoporosis. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of sage leaves aqueous extract on hypercholesterolemia and bone calcification in rats. Sage leaves aqueous extract was prepared by infusion of leaves in hot water, separation of its volatiles and identification using GC/MS and evaluation the radical scavenging activity of sage aqueous extract by ESR. Three groups of rats were used, group 1 to serve as control, group 2 was fed on diet rich with cholesterol and the third group was fed on diet rich in cholesterol and treated with sage leaves aqueous extract. The experiment continued for 6 weeks. The plasma total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, LDL-C, urea, creatinine, blood hemoglobin, and enzymes activities of transaminases [ALT and AST] were determined. Different minerals [calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus and Ca/P] were assayed spectrophotometrically using atomic absorption. The GC/MS analysis showed that 1,8-cineol [eucalyptol] [22.34%], thujone [16.31%], camphor [16.9%], humulene [7.53%], alpha pinene [5.77%], borneol [4.59%], p-menthol [4.8%], camphene [4.31%] and bornyl acetate [3.16%] were the main volatile compounds of the sage leaves aqueous extract. Sage volatile extract showed significant antioxidant activity in vitro using ESR assay. Daily administration of sage leaves aqueous extract for 6 weeks to Swiss albino rats as drinking water, caused significant declines in the blood levels of triglycerides [TG] [30%], total cholesterol [TC] [10.3%], LDL-C [45%] and increase of HDL-C [81%] and tibial calcium [20%]. This study demonstrates one possible mechanism by which sage leaves aqueous extract which rich in phenolic substances can improve the bone calcification, and acting as hypocholesterolemic agent

Egyptian artichoke volatile compounds: protect against lead-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in male rats

Lead is a widely used chemical for the preparation of a number of industry and household-based products. The toxicity of lead compounds, like all other heavy metals, has been implicated in the etiology of different disorders in humans. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of Egyptian artichoke against the hepatorenal toxicity of lead in male albino rats. Twenty three compounds were identified as volatile compounds of artichoke with benzeneacetaldehyde and selinene as major constituents, 19.97% and 16.80% respectively. Four groups of rats were used, group 1 to serve as control, group 2 intraperitoneal injected with lead acetate [20 mg/kg B.W], group 3 lead injected rats given artichoke head extract with drinking water [10 g/1 liter] and group 4 lead injected rats given artichoke leaves extract. The experiment continued for 30 days. The plasma total protein, cholesterol, urea and creatinein were determined. The activities of each of Alanine aminotansferase [ALT] aspartate amino transferase [AST], gamma-glutamyltransferase [gamma-GT] were followed. The level of plasma oxidation products of malondialdehyde was estimated. The histopathological changes were examined. Artichoke [leaves or head] co-treatment to the lead - administered rats attenuated the increase of ALT, AST, gamma-GT activities. Also the change in cholesterol, urea, creatinine and protein levels was less marked. The values reported were near to normal. In addition, the morphological damage in the liver and kidney was reduced and the tissues appeared like those of controls. The present study suggests that, because the presence of volatile constituents with antioxidative properties, artichoke may be useful in combating damaging effect of lead toxicity